LAPT UK

59

Applied Mathematics

11 chapters • 100 marks

Source: CBSE curriculum 2026-27 (no NCERT textbook for this subject). Syllabus PDF: https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/CurriculumMain27/SecPart2/Applied_Mathematics_SecP2_2026-27.pdf

1 Numbers, Quantification and Numerical Applications 10 classes

1.1 Modular Arithmetic

1.2 Congruence Modulo

1.3 Simple Arithmetic Functions

1.4 Alligation and Mixture

1.5.1 Boats and Streams

1.5.2 Pipes and Cisterns

1.5.3 Races and Games

1.5.4 Partnership

1.5.5 Scheduling

1.6 Numerical Inequalities

2 Algebra 7 classes

2.1-2.2 Matrices and Types of Matrices

2.3 Algebra of Matrices

2.5 Special Matrices: Transpose, Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric

2.6 Determinants

2.7 Inverse of a Matrix

2.8 Solving Systems of Simultaneous Linear Equations

2.9 Applications of Matrices and Determinants

3 Differentiation and its Applications 7 classes

3.1 Differentiation: Implicit, Parametric, Logarithmic and Higher-Order

3.2 Rate of Change: Related Rates, Cost and Revenue Functions

3.9 Slope, Tangent and Normal to a Curve

3.10 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

3.11.1 Critical Points, Local Maxima and Minima

3.11.2 First and Second Derivative Tests

3.11.3 Absolute Maxima, Minima and Optimization Problems

4 Integration and its Applications 5 classes

3.1-3.2 Indefinite Integrals and Integration by Substitution

3.3 Integration by Partial Fractions

3.4 Integration by Parts

3.5-3.6 Definite Integrals and Their Properties

3.7 Consumers' Surplus and Producers' Surplus

5 Differential Equations and Modeling 3 classes

3.10 Differential Equations: Order and Degree

3.11 Formation of a Differential Equation

3.12 Differential Equations and Mathematical Modeling

6 Probability Distributions 5 classes

4.1-4.2 Probability Distribution and Mathematical Expectation

4.3 Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution

4.4 Binomial Distribution

4.5 Poisson Distribution

4.6 Normal Distribution

7 Inferential Statistics 4 classes

5.1 Population, Sample and Sampling Methods

5.2 Parameter, Statistic and Statistical Inference

5.3 t-Test: Confidence Interval, Standard Error and Degrees of Freedom

5.3 Reading the t-Table and Hypothesis Testing

8 Index Numbers and Time Based Data 6 classes

6.1-6.3 Introduction to Index Numbers and Their Uses

6.4 Construction of Index Numbers

6.5 Types of Index Numbers

6.6-6.9 Limitations, Index Series and Test of Adequacy

6.1 Time Series: Meaning and Analysis for Univariate Data

6.2-6.5 Components, Secular Trend and Methods of Measuring Trend

9 Financial Mathematics 7 classes

7.1 Perpetuity and Sinking Funds

7.2 Valuation of Bonds

7.3 Calculation of EMI (Amortization of Loans)

7.4 Nominal and Effective Rate of Interest

7.5 Compound Annual Growth Rate

7.6 Stocks, Shares and Debentures

7.7 Linear Method of Depreciation

10 Linear Programming Problem 4 classes

8.1-8.2 Terminology and Mathematical Formulation of LPP

8.3 Types of Linear Programming Problems

8.4-8.5 Graphical Method, Feasible and Infeasible Regions

8.6 Optimal Feasible Solution and Corner Point Method

11 Practical and Project Work 4 classes

9.1 Introduction to Practical Work and Graphing Functions on Excel

9.2 Matrix Operations Using Excel

9.3 Probability and Simulation Using Excel

9.4 Data Analysis Projects Using Excel

102

Computer Science

13 chapters • 100 marks

NCERT textbooks as listed on https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?lecs1=0-13

1 Exception Handling in Python 14 classes

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Syntax Errors

1.3 Exceptions

1.4 Built-in Exceptions

1.5 Raising Exceptions

1.5.1 The raise Statement

1.5.2 The assert Statement

1.6 Handling Exceptions

1.6.1 Need for Exception Handling

1.6.2 Process of Handling Exception

1.6.3 Catching Exceptions

1.6.4 try...except…else clause

1.7 Finally Clause

1.7.1 Recovering and continuing with finally clause

2 File Handling in Python 25 classes

2.1 Introduction to Files

2.2. Types of Files

2.2.1 Text file

2.2.2 Binary Files

2.3 Opening and Closing a Text File

2.3.1 Opening a file

2.3.2 Closing a file

2.3.3 Opening a file using with clause

2.4 Writing to a Text File

2.4.1 The write() method

2.4.2 The writelines() method

2.5 Reading from a Text File

2.5.1 The read() method

2.5.2 The readline([n]) method

2.5.3 The readlines() method

2.6 Setting Offsets in a File

2.6.1 The tell() method

2.6.2 The seek() method

2.7 CREATING AND TRAVERSING A TEXT FILE

2.7.1 Creating a ﬁle and writing data

2.7.2 Traversing a file and displaying data

2.8 The Pickle Module

2.8.1 The dump() method

2.8.2 The load() method

2.8.3 File handling using pickle module

3 Stack 9 classes

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Stack

3.2.1 APPLICATIONS OF STACK

3.3 Operations on Stack

3.3.1 PUSH and POP Operations

3.4 Implementation of Stack in Python

3.5 Notations for Arithmetic Expressions

3.6 Conversion from Infix to Postfix Notation

3.7 Evaluation of Postfix Expression

4 Queue 9 classes

4.1 Introduction to Queue

4.1.1 First In First Out (FIFO)

4.1.2 Applications of Queue

4.2 Operations on Queue

4.3 Implementation of Queue using Python

4.4 Introduction to Deque

4.4.1 Applications of Deque

4.4.2 Operations on Deque

4.5 Implementation of Deque Using Python

5 Sorting 5 classes

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Bubble Sort

5.3 Selection Sort

5.4 Insertion Sort

5.5 Time Complexity of Algorithms

6 Searching 6 classes

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Linear Search

6.3 Binary Search

6.3.1 Applications of Binary Search

6.4 Search by Hashing

6.4.1 COLLISION

7 Understanding Data 9 classes

7.1 Introduction to Data

7.1.1 Importance of Data

7.1.2 Types of Data

7.2 Data Collection

7.3 Data Storage

7.4 Data Processing

7.5 Statistical Techniques for Data Processing

7.5.1 Measures of Central Tendency

7.5.2 Measures of Variability

8 Database Concepts 6 classes

8.1 Introduction

8.2 File System

8.3 Database Management System

8.3.2 Key Concepts in DBMS

8.4 Relational Data Model

8.5 Keys in a Relational Database

9 Structured Query Language (SQL) 32 classes

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Structured Query Language (SQL)

9.2.1 Installing MySQL

9.3 Data Types and Constraints in MySQL

9.3.1 Data type of Attribute

9.3.2 Constraints

9.4 SQL for Data Definition

9.4.1 CREATE Database

9.4.2 CREATE Table

9.4.3 Describe Table

9.4.4 ALTER Table

9.4.5 DROP Statement

9.5 SQL for Data Manipulation

9.5.1 INSERTION of Records

9.6 SQL for Data Query

9.6.1 SELECT Statement

9.6.2 QUERYING using Database OFFICE

9.7 Data Updation and Deletion

9.7.1 Data Updation

9.7.2 Data Deletion

9.8 Functions in SQL

9.8.1 Single Row Functions

9.8.2 Aggregate Functions

9.9 GROUP BY Clause in SQL

9.10 Operations on Relations

9.10.1 UNION (∪)

9.10.2 INTERSECT (∩)

9.10.3 MINUS (-)

9.10.4 Cartesian Product (X)

9.11 Using Two Relations in a Query

9.11.1 Cartesian product on two tables

9.11.2 JOIN on two tables

10 Computer Networks 29 classes

10.1 Introduction to Computer Networks

10.2 Evolution of Networking

10.3 Types of Networks

10.3.1 Personal Area Network (PAN)

10.3.2 Local Area Network (LAN)

10.3.3 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

10.3.4 Wide Area Network (WAN)

10.4 Network Devices

10.4.1 Modem

10.4.2 Ethernet Card

10.4.3 RJ45

10.4.4 Repeater

10.4.5 Hub

10.4.6 Switch

10.4.7 Router

10.4.8 Gateway

10.5 Networking Topologies

10.5.1 Mesh Topology

10.5.2 Ring Topology

10.5.3 Bus Topology

10.5.4 Star Topology

10.5.5 Tree or Hybrid Topology

10.6 Identifying Nodes in a Networked Communication

10.6.1 MAC Address

10.6.2 IP Address

10.7 Internet, Web and the Internet of Things

10.7.1 The World Wide Web (WWW)

10.8 Domain Name System

10.8.1 DNS Server

11 Data Communication 24 classes

11.1 Concept of Communication

11.2 Components of Data Communication

11.3 Measuring Capacity of Communication Media

11.3.1 Bandwidth

11.3.2 Data Transfer Rate

11.4 Types of Data Communication

11.4.1 Simplex Communication

11.4.2 Half-duplex Communication

11.4.3 Full-duplex Communication

11.5 Switching Techniques

11.5.1 Circuit Switching

11.5.2 Packet Switching

11.6 Transmission Media

11.6.1 Wired Transmission Media

11.6.2 Wireless Transmission Media

11.6.3 Wireless Technologies

11.7 Mobile Telecommunication Technologies

11.8 Protocol

11.8.1 Need for Protocols

11.8.2 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

11.8.3 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

11.8.4 Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

11.8.5 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

11.8.6 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP)

12 Security Aspects 28 classes

12.1 Threats and Prevention

12.2 Malware

12.2.1 Virus

12.2.2 Worms

12.2.3 Ransomware

12.2.4 Trojan

12.2.5 Spyware

12.2.6 Adware

12.2.7 Keyloggers

12.2.8 Modes of Malware distribution

12.2.9 Combating Malware

12.3 Antivirus

12.3.1 Methods of Malware Identification used by Antivirus

12.4 Spam

12.5 HTTP vs HTTPS

12.6 Firewall

12.6.1 Types of Firewall

12.7 Cookies

12.7.1 Threats due to Cookies

12.8 Hackers and Crackers

12.8.1 White Hats: Ethical Hacker

12.8.2 Black Hats: Crackers

12.8.3 Grey Hats

12.9 Network Security Threats

12.9.1 Denial of Service

12.9.2 Intrusion Problems

12.9.3 Snooping

12.9.4 Eavesdropping

13 Project Based Learning 5 classes

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Approaches for Solving Projects

13.3 Teamwork

13.3.1 Components of Teamwork

13.4 Project Descriptions

107

Biology

13 chapters • 100 marks

1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 11 classes

Flower - A Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms

Stamen, Microsporangium and Pollen Grain

The Pistil, Megasporangium (Ovule) and Embryo Sac

Pollination: Its Kinds

Agents of Pollination: Wind, Water and Animals

Outbreeding Devices

Pollen-Pistil Interaction and Artificial Hybridisation

Double Fertilisation and the Endosperm

The Embryo

Seed and Fruit

Apomixis and Polyembryony

2 Human Reproduction 9 classes

The Male Reproductive System

The Female Reproductive System

Spermatogenesis and the Structure of a Sperm

Oogenesis

The Menstrual Cycle

Fertilisation and How the Sex of the Baby Is Decided

From Zygote to Implantation

Pregnancy, the Placenta and Embryonic Development

Parturition and Lactation

3 Reproductive Health 6 classes

What Reproductive Health Means, and India's Programmes

Population Growth, and Natural and Barrier Contraception

IUDs, Pills, Injectables, Implants and Surgical Methods

Medical Termination of Pregnancy

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies

4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation 17 classes

Genetics, Mendel and the Pea Plant

The Monohybrid Cross and the 3:1 Ratio

The Punnett Square, the Genotypic Ratio and the Test Cross

The Law of Dominance and the Law of Segregation

Incomplete Dominance, and What Dominance Really Is

Co-dominance, Multiple Alleles and ABO Blood Groups

The Dihybrid Cross

The Law of Independent Assortment and the 9:3:3:1 Ratio

The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Linkage and Recombination

Polygenic Inheritance and Pleiotropy

Sex Determination: XO, XY and ZW

Sex Determination in Humans and in the Honey Bee

Mutation and Pedigree Analysis

Mendelian Disorders: Colour Blindness and Haemophilia

Mendelian Disorders: Sickle-cell Anaemia, Phenylketonuria and Thalassemia

Chromosomal Disorders

5 Molecular Basis of Inheritance 20 classes

DNA and the Polynucleotide Chain

The Double Helix

Packaging of the DNA Helix

The Search for Genetic Material: Griffith's Transforming Principle

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty, and the Hershey-Chase Experiment

Properties of Genetic Material, and the RNA World

Replication and the Meselson-Stahl Experiment

The Machinery and the Enzymes of Replication

Transcription and the Transcription Unit

The Transcription Unit and the Gene: Exons, Introns and Cistrons

Types of RNA, and Transcription in Bacteria and Eukaryotes

The Genetic Code

Mutations, the Reading Frame, and tRNA the Adapter Molecule

Translation

Regulation of Gene Expression

The Lac Operon

The Human Genome Project: Goals and Methods

Salient Features of the Human Genome, and What Follows From It

DNA Fingerprinting: Polymorphism and Satellite DNA

VNTR, the Technique and Its Applications

6 Evolution 13 classes

The Origin of the Universe and the Earth

How Life Began: Panspermia, Pasteur and Miller's Experiment

Evolution of Life Forms: Darwin's Theory

Evidence from Fossils and from Embryos

Homology and Analogy

Evolution Seen Happening: Breeding, Moths and Resistance

Adaptive Radiation

Biological Evolution: Darwin, Lamarck and Malthus

Mechanism of Evolution: deVries and Mutation

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A Brief Account of Evolution: From First Cells to the Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs, Mammals and Continental Drift

Origin and Evolution of Man

7 Human Health and Disease 19 classes

What Health Means

Bacterial Diseases: Typhoid and Pneumonia

Viral and Protozoan Diseases: Common Cold and Malaria

Amoebiasis, Ascariasis, Filariasis and Ringworm

Preventing and Controlling Infectious Diseases

Immunity and the Four Innate Barriers

Acquired Immunity: Antibodies and the Two Lymphocytes

Active and Passive Immunity, Vaccination and Immunisation

Allergies and Auto-immunity

The Immune System in the Body: Lymphoid Organs

AIDS: What It Is and How It Spreads

How HIV Destroys Immunity, and How AIDS Is Prevented

Cancer: Contact Inhibition, Tumours and Metastasis

Causes, Detection and Treatment of Cancer

Drugs of Abuse: Opioids, Cannabinoids and Cocaine

Tobacco and Smoking

Adolescence, Addiction and Dependence

The Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

Prevention and Control of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

8 Microbes in Human Welfare 12 classes

What Microbes Are and Where They Live

Microbes in Household Products

Fermented Beverages

Antibiotics: The Discovery of Penicillin

Chemicals, Enzymes and Bioactive Molecules from Microbes

What Sewage Is, and Primary Treatment

Secondary Treatment: Flocs, BOD and Activated Sludge

Sewage Treatment in India: The Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans

Biogas: Methanogens, the Rumen and the Gobar Gas Plant

Biocontrol: Why Chemicals Are Not the Answer

Biocontrol Agents: Bt, Trichoderma and Baculoviruses

Microbes as Biofertilisers

9 Biotechnology : Principles and Processes 17 classes

What Biotechnology Is

The Two Core Techniques, and Why Genetic Engineering Was Needed

Origin of Replication, and What Cloning Means

The First Recombinant DNA: Cohen and Boyer

Restriction Enzymes: Discovery, Naming and Kinds

Palindromes and Sticky Ends

Gel Electrophoresis and Elution

Cloning Vectors: Origin of Replication and Selectable Marker

Cloning Sites and Insertional Inactivation

Vectors for Cloning Genes in Plants and Animals

Competent Host: Getting DNA Into a Cell

Isolation of the Genetic Material

Cutting the DNA and Making the Recombinant

PCR: Amplifying the Gene of Interest

Inserting the Recombinant DNA, and Obtaining the Gene Product

Bioreactors

Downstream Processing

10 Biotechnology and its Applications 14 classes

What Biotechnology Is Applied To, and the Three Ways to Grow More Food

Tissue Culture, Totipotency and Micro-propagation

Somatic Hybridisation

Genetically Modified Organisms and the Five Benefits

Bt Cotton: How the Toxin Works, and the cry Genes

Pest Resistant Plants: RNA Interference

Genetically Engineered Insulin

Gene Therapy and the ADA Story

Molecular Diagnosis

Transgenic Animals: Physiology and the Study of Disease

Transgenic Animals: Products, Vaccine Safety and Toxicity Testing

Ethical Issues and the GEAC

Biopiracy: Basmati, Turmeric and Neem

Chapter Summary

11 Organisms and Populations 18 classes

How and Why: The Two Questions Ecology Asks

What a Population Is, and the Attributes It Has

Population Density, and How It Is Measured

The Four Processes That Change Population Density

Exponential Growth

The Chess Board: How Fast Exponential Growth Is

Logistic Growth and Carrying Capacity

Life History Variation

Population Interactions: The Six Kinds

Predation and Its Roles in Nature

How Prey and Plants Defend Themselves

Competition: What It Is and How It Is Shown

Competitive Exclusion and Resource Partitioning

Parasitism: Adaptations and Life Cycles

Ectoparasites, Endoparasites and Brood Parasitism

Commensalism

Mutualism: Lichens, Mycorrhizae and the Fig Wasp

Orchids and Sexual Deceit

12 Ecosystem 12 classes

What an Ecosystem Is

The Structure of an Ecosystem, and the Pond

Productivity: GPP, NPP and Secondary Productivity

Decomposition

Energy Flow: The Sun, PAR and the Two Laws

Consumers and the Grazing Food Chain

The Detritus Food Chain and the Food Web

Trophic Levels, Standing Crop and the Ten Per Cent Law

Ecological Pyramids: The Three Types

Upright and Inverted Pyramids

The Limitations of Ecological Pyramids

Chapter Summary

13 Biodiversity and Conservation 15 classes

The Diversity of Life, and What Biodiversity Means

The Three Levels of Biodiversity

How Many Species Are There on Earth?

India's Share of the World's Species

Latitudinal Gradients in Diversity

Why the Tropics Are So Rich: Three Hypotheses

Species-Area Relationships

Does Species Diversity Matter? Tilman and the Rivet Popper

The Record of Extinction, and the Sixth Extinction

The Evil Quartet: Habitat Loss and Over-exploitation

The Evil Quartet: Alien Species and Co-extinctions

Why Should We Conserve Biodiversity?

In Situ Conservation: Hotspots, Parks and Sacred Groves

Ex Situ Conservation and the International Agreements

Chapter Summary

109

Biotechnology

6 chapters • 100 marks

1 Recombinant DNA Technology 10 classes

5.1.1 Introduction

5.1.2 Tools of rDNA Technology

5.1.3 Making rDNA

5.1.4 Introduction of rDNA into Host Cells

5.1.5 Identification of Recombinants

5.1.6 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

5.1.7 Hybridization Techniques

5.1.8 DNA Library

5.1.9 DNA Sequencing

5.1.10 Site-directed Mutagenesis

2 Protein Structure and Engineering 7 classes

5.2.1 Introduction to the World of Proteins

5.2.2 3-D Shape of Proteins

5.2.3 Structure-Function Relationship in Proteins

5.2.4 Purification of Proteins

5.2.5 Characterization of Proteins

5.2.6 Protein Based Products

5.2.7 Designing Proteins (Protein Engineering)

3 Genomics and Bioinformatics 10 classes

5.3.1 Introduction

5.3.2 Genome Sequencing Projects

5.3.3 Gene Prediction and Counting

5.3.4 Genome Similarity, SNPs and Comparative Genomics

5.3.5 Functional Genomics

5.3.6 Proteomics

5.3.7 History of Bioinformatics

5.3.8 Sequences and Nomenclature

5.3.9 Information Sources

5.3.10 Analysis using Bioinformatics Tools

4 Microbial Cell Culture and its Application 7 classes

6.1.1-6.1.2 Introduction & Microbial Culture Techniques

6.1.3 Measurement and Kinetics of Microbial Growth

6.1.4 Scale-up of Microbial Process

6.1.5 Isolation of Microbial Products

6.1.6 Strain Isolation and Improvement

6.1.7 Applications of Microbial Culture Technology

6.1.8 Biosafety Issues in Microbial Technology

5 Plant Cell Culture and Application 5 classes

6.2.1-6.2.2 Introduction & Cell/Tissue Culture Techniques

6.2.3 Applications of Cell and Tissue Culture

6.2.4 Gene Transfer Methods in Plants

6.2.5 Transgenic Plants with Beneficial Traits

6.2.6 Biosafety in Plant Genetic Engineering

6 Animal Cell Culture and Application 5 classes

6.3.1-6.3.2 Introduction & Animal Cell Culture Techniques

6.3.3-6.3.5 Characterization, Gene Delivery & Scale-up

6.3.6 Applications of Animal Cell Culture

6.3.7 Stem Cell Technology

6.3.8 Tissue Engineering

110

Chemistry

10 chapters • 100 marks

1 Solutions 18 classes

1.1 Types of Solutions and 1.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions

1.3.1 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid

1.3.2 Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid

1.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions

1.4.1 Vapour Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions

1.4.2 Raoult's Law for Solutions of Volatile Liquids

1.4.3 Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids

1.5 Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions

1.5.1 Ideal Solutions and 1.5.2 Non-ideal Solutions

1.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass

1.6.1 Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure

1.6.2 Elevation of Boiling Point

1.6.3 Depression of Freezing Point

1.6.4 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

Determination of Molar Mass from Osmotic Pressure

1.6.5 Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification

1.7 Abnormal Molar Masses

1.7.1 Van't Hoff Factor

6 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 12 classes

Classification of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Nomenclature of Halogen Derivatives

Nature of the Carbon-Halogen Bond

Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes

Preparation of Haloarenes

Physical Properties of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions I - SN2 Mechanism and Stereochemistry

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions II - SN1 Mechanism and Reactivity Order

Stereochemistry of Substitution, Elimination Reactions, and Reaction with Metals

Reactions of Haloarenes: Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Substitution

Directive Influence and Polyhalogen Compounds

Chapter Summary and Revision

2 Electrochemistry 15 classes

2.1 Electrochemical Cells

2.2 Galvanic Cells

2.3 Nernst Equation

2.3.1 Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation

2.3.2 Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of Reaction

2.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions

2.4.1 Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions

2.4.2 Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration

2.4.3 Kohlrausch's Law and Applications of Conductivity Measurements

2.5.1 Products of Electrolysis

2.6 Batteries

2.6.1 Primary Batteries

2.6.2 Secondary Batteries

2.7 Fuel Cells

2.8 Corrosion

7 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 12 classes

Classification of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Nomenclature of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Structures of the Functional Groups

Preparation of Alcohols

Preparation of Phenols and Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, and Esterification

Reactions Involving C-O Bond Cleavage: Halide Formation, Dehydration and Oxidation

Reactions of Phenols: Electrophilic Substitution, Kolbe's and Reimer-Tiemann Reactions

Some Commercially Important Alcohols: Methanol and Ethanol

Ethers: Preparation and Physical Properties

Ethers: Chemical Reactions and Cleavage Mechanism

Chapter Summary and Revision

3 Chemical Kinetics 13 classes

3.1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction

3.2 Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction

3.2.1 Dependence of Rate on Concentration

3.2.2 Rate Law (Rate Expression and Rate Constant)

3.2.3 Order of a Reaction

3.2.4 Molecularity of a Reaction

3.3 Integrated Rate Equations

3.3.1 Zero Order Reactions

3.3.2 First Order Reactions

3.3.3 Half-Life of a Reaction

3.4 Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction

3.4.1 Effect of Catalyst

3.5 Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions

8 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 11 classes

Nomenclature and Structure of the Carbonyl Group

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

Nucleophilic Addition Reactions: Mechanism, Reactivity and Named Examples

Reduction, Oxidation and the Haloform Test

Reactions due to Alpha-Hydrogen, Other Reactions, and Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

Nomenclature and Structure of the Carboxyl Group

Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

Physical Properties and Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

Esterification, Acid Derivatives, Reduction and Decarboxylation

Substitution in the Hydrocarbon Part, and Uses of Carboxylic Acids

4 The d-and f-Block Elements 27 classes

4.1 Position in the Periodic Table

4.2 Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements

4.3.1 Physical Properties

4.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block)

4.3.2 Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Metals

4.3.3 Ionisation Enthalpies

4.3.4 Oxidation States

4.3.5 Trends in the M2+/M Standard Electrode Potentials

4.3.6 Trends in the M3+/M2+ Standard Electrode Potentials

4.3.7 Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States

4.3.9 Magnetic Properties

4.3.8 Chemical Reactivity and Eo Values

4.3.11 Formation of Complex Compounds

4.3.10 Formation of Coloured Ions

4.3.12 Catalytic Properties, 4.3.13 Interstitial Compounds and 4.3.14 Alloy Formation

4.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements

4.4.1 Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals

4.4.2 Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate

4.5 The Lanthanoids: Electronic Configurations

4.5.2 Atomic and Ionic Sizes (Lanthanoid Contraction)

4.5.3 Oxidation States (Lanthanoids)

4.5.4 General Characteristics of Lanthanoids

4.6 The Actinoids

4.6.1 Electronic Configurations (Actinoids)

4.6.2 Ionic Sizes and 4.6.3 Oxidation States (Actinoids)

4.6.4 General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids

4.7 Some Applications of d- and f-Block Elements

9 Amines 9 classes

Structure and Classification of Amines

Nomenclature of Amines

Preparation of Amines

Physical Properties of Amines

Basicity of Amines: Structure-Basicity Relationship

Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, and Reaction with Nitrous Acid

Hinsberg's Test and Electrophilic Substitution of Aniline

Diazonium Salts: Preparation and Physical Properties

Diazonium Salts: Chemical Reactions and Importance in Synthesis

5 Coordination Compounds 19 classes

5.1 Werner's Theory and 5.2 Definitions of Important Terms

5.3 Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

5.3.1 Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities

5.3.2 Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds

5.4 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

5.4.1 Geometric Isomerism

5.4.2 Optical Isomerism

5.4.3 Linkage Isomerism

5.4.4 Coordination Isomerism and 5.4.5 Ionisation Isomerism

5.4.6 Solvate Isomerism

5.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds

5.5.1 Valence Bond Theory

5.5.2 Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds

5.5.3 Limitations of Valence Bond Theory

5.5.4 Crystal Field Theory

5.5.5 Colour in Coordination Compounds

5.5.6 Limitations of Crystal Field Theory

5.6 Bonding in Metal Carbonyls

5.7 Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds

10 Biomolecules 11 classes

Carbohydrates: Definition and Classification

Glucose: Preparation and Open-Chain Structure

D/L Configuration and Cyclic Structures of Glucose and Fructose

Disaccharides: Sucrose, Maltose and Lactose

Polysaccharides and the Importance of Carbohydrates

Amino Acids: Structure, Classification and Zwitter Ion

Structure of Proteins: Peptide Bond to Quaternary Structure

Denaturation of Proteins and Enzymes

Vitamins: Classification, Sources and Deficiency Diseases

Nucleic Acids: Composition, Structure and Functions

Hormones

123

Informatics Practices

7 chapters • 100 marks

1 Querying and SQL Functions 8 classes

1.1 Introduction to SQL Functions and the CARSHOWROOM Database

1.2 Single Row Functions: Numeric Functions

1.2 Single Row Functions: String Functions

1.2 Single Row Functions: Date and Time Functions

1.2.2 Aggregate (Multiple Row) Functions

1.3 GROUP BY and HAVING in SQL

1.4 Operations on Relations: UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS, Cartesian Product

1.5 Using Two Relations in a Query: JOIN and NATURAL JOIN

2 Data Handling using Pandas - I 7 classes

2.1 Introduction to Python Libraries: NumPy, Pandas and Matplotlib

2.2 Series: Creation, Indexing and Slicing

2.2 Series: Attributes, Methods and Mathematical Operations

2.3 DataFrame: Ways to Create a DataFrame

2.3 DataFrame: Adding, Deleting and Renaming Rows and Columns

2.3 DataFrame: Indexing, Slicing, Joining and Attributes

2.4-2.5 Importing/Exporting CSV Files and Pandas Series vs NumPy ndarray

3 Data Handling using Pandas - II 8 classes

3.1-3.2 Introduction and Descriptive Statistics: Max, Min, Sum, Count, Mean, Median

3.2 Descriptive Statistics: Mode, Quartiles, Variance, Std Deviation, describe()

3.4 Sorting a DataFrame

3.5 GROUP BY Functions and Aggregation

3.6 Altering the Index

3.7 Other DataFrame Operations: Reshaping with Pivot and Pivot Table

3.8 Handling Missing Values

3.9 Import and Export of Data between Pandas and MySQL

4 Plotting Data using Matplotlib 7 classes

4.1-4.2 Introduction and Plotting using Matplotlib

4.3 Customisation of Plots: Marker, Colour, Linewidth and Linestyle

4.4 The Pandas Plot Function and Plotting a Line Chart

4.4.2 Plotting a Bar Chart

4.4.3 Plotting a Histogram

4.4.4-4.4.5 Plotting a Scatter Chart and a Box Plot

4.4.6 Plotting a Pie Chart

5 Internet and Web 7 classes

5.1-5.2 Introduction to Computer Networks and Types of Networks (LAN, MAN, WAN)

5.3 Network Devices: Modem, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway

5.4 Networking Topologies: Mesh, Ring, Bus, Star, Tree

5.5-5.6 The Internet and its Applications (WWW, Email, Chat, VoIP)

5.7-5.8 Website and Web Page (Static vs Dynamic)

5.9-5.10 Web Server and Hosting of a Website

5.11 Browser: Settings, Add-ons/Plug-ins and Cookies

6 Societal Impacts 6 classes

6.2-6.3 Digital Footprints, Digital Society and Netizen Etiquettes

6.4 Data Protection: Intellectual Property Rights and their Violation

6.4.4-6.5 Open Source Software and Creative Commons

6.6-6.7 Cyber Crime and the Indian IT Act

6.8 E-waste: Hazards and Management

6.9 Impact on Health

7 Project Based Learning 4 classes

7.1-7.2 Introduction and Approaches for Solving Projects

7.3 Teamwork and its Components

7.4 Project Descriptions I-III: Sample Project Ideas

7.4.4 Project Description IV: Analysing a Real Open-Government Dataset

125

Mathematics

13 chapters • 100 marks

1 Relations and Functions 4 classes

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Types of Relations

1.3 Types of Functions

1.4 Composition of Functions and Invertible Function

7 Integrals 18 classes

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation

7.2.1 Some properties of indefinite integral

7.3 Methods of Integration

7.3.1 Integration by substitution

7.3.2 Integration using trigonometric identities

7.4 Integrals of Some Particular Functions

7.5 Integration by Partial Fractions

7.6 Integration by Parts

7.6.1 Integral of the type

7.6.2 Integrals of some more types

7.7 Definite Integral

7.8 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

7.8.1 Area function

7.8.2 First fundamental theorem of integral calculus

7.8.3 Second fundamental theorem of integral calculus

7.9 Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution

7.10 Some Properties of Definite Integrals

2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 3 classes

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Basic Concepts

2.3 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

8 Application of Integrals 4 classes

8.1 Introduction and the Elementary Strip Idea

8.2 Area of a Circle and an Ellipse by Integration

8.2 Curves Below and Across the x-axis: Worked Examples

Miscellaneous Exercise, Chapter Summary and Historical Note

3 Matrices 16 classes

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Matrix

3.2.1 Order of a matrix

3.3 Types of Matrices

3.3.1 Equality of matrices

3.4 Operations on Matrices

3.4.1 Addition of matrices

3.4.2 Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar

3.4.3 Properties of matrix addition

3.4.4 Properties of scalar multiplication of a matrix

3.4.5 Multiplication of matrices

3.4.6 Properties of multiplication of matrices

3.5. Transpose of a Matrix

3.5.1 Properties of transpose of the matrices

3.6 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices

3.7 Invertible Matrices

9 Differential Equations 9 classes

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Basic Concepts

9.2.1. Order of a differential equation

9.2.2 Degree of a differential equation

9.3. General and Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation

9.4. Methods of Solving First Order, First Degree Differential Equations

9.4.1 Differential equations with variables separable

9.4.2 Homogeneous differential equations

9.4.3 Linear differential equations

4 Determinants 11 classes

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Determinant

4.2.1 Determinant of a matrix of order one

4.2.2 Determinant of a matrix of order two

4.2.3 Determinant of a matrix of order 3 × 3

4.3 Area of a Triangle

4.4 Minors and Cofactors

4.5 Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix

4.5.1 Adjoint of a matrix

4.6 Applications of Determinants and Matrices

4.6.1 Solution of system of linear equations using inverse of a matrix

10 Vector Algebra 13 classes

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Some Basic Concepts

10.3 Types of Vectors

10.4 Addition of Vectors

10.5 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

10.5.1 Components of a vector

10.5.2 Vector joining two points

10.5.3 Section formula

10.6 Product of Two Vectors

10.6.1 Scalar (or dot) product of two vectors

10.6.2 Projection of a vector on a line

10.6.3 Vector (or cross) product of two vectors

10.6.3 Areas by Cross Product and Chapter Review

5 Continuity and Differentiability 11 classes

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Continuity

5.2.1 Algebra of continuous functions

5.3. Differentiability

5.3.1 Derivatives of composite functions

5.3.2 Derivatives of implicit functions

5.3.3 Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions

5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

5.5. Logarithmic Differentiation

5.6 Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms

5.7 Second Order Derivative

11 Three Dimensional Geometry 8 classes

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line

11.2.1 Direction cosines of a line passing through two points

11.3 Equation of a Line in Space

11.4 Angle between Two Lines

11.5 Shortest Distance between Two Lines

11.5.1 Distance between two skew lines

11.5.2 Distance between parallel lines

6 Application of Derivatives 9 classes

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Rate of Change of Quantities

6.2 Related Rates: Worked Problems

6.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

6.3 Finding Intervals of Increase and Decrease: Worked Problems

6.4 Maxima and Minima: Local Extrema and Critical Points

6.4 First and Second Derivative Tests

6.4 Optimisation: Word Problems on Maxima and Minima

6.4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function in a Closed Interval

12 Linear Programming 4 classes

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Linear Programming Problem and its Mathematical Formulation

12.2.1 Mathematical formulation of the problem

12.2.2 Graphical method of solving linear programming problems

13 Probability 12 classes

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Conditional Probability

13.2.1 Properties of conditional probability

13.2 Conditional Probability: Worked Examples and Exercise 13.1

13.3 Multiplication Theorem on Probability

13.4 Independent Events

13.4 Independent Events: Properties and Worked Problems

13.5 Bayes' Theorem

13.5.1 Partition of a sample space

13.5.2 Theorem of total probability

13.5 Bayes' Theorem: Statement, Proof and Worked Examples

13.5 Bayes' Theorem: Mixed Problems and Chapter Exercises

126

Physics

14 chapters • 100 marks

1 Electric Charges and Fields 6 classes

Electric Charge and Its Basic Properties

Coulomb's Law and Forces Between Multiple Charges

Electric Field, Field Lines and Electric Flux

The Electric Dipole and Continuous Charge Distributions

Gauss's Law

Applications of Gauss's Law

1 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 8 classes

Reflection by Spherical Mirrors: Sign Convention and the Mirror Equation

Magnification by Mirrors, and Refraction

Total Internal Reflection

Refraction at a Spherical Surface, and the Lens Maker's Formula

Power of a Lens and Combination of Lenses

Refraction Through a Prism

Optical Instruments: The Microscope

Optical Instruments: The Telescope

2 Wave Optics 6 classes

Huygens Principle

Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves Using Huygens Principle

Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves

Interference of Light Waves and Young's Experiment

Diffraction: The Single Slit

Polarisation

2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 7 classes

Electrostatic Potential Energy and Potential

Potential Due to a Point Charge, a Dipole and a System of Charges

Equipotential Surfaces and Potential Energy of Charges

Electrostatics of Conductors

Dielectrics, Polarisation and Capacitors

The Parallel Plate Capacitor and Combinations of Capacitors

Energy Stored in a Capacitor

3 Current Electricity 6 classes

Electric Current and Currents in Conductors

Ohm's Law and Drift of Electrons

Resistivity, Temperature Dependence and Electrical Power

Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance and Combinations of Cells

Kirchhoff's Rules

The Wheatstone Bridge

3 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 5 classes

Electron Emission and the Discovery of the Photoelectric Effect

Experimental Study of the Photoelectric Effect

The Failure of the Wave Theory and Einstein's Photoelectric Equation

The Particle Nature of Light: The Photon

The Wave Nature of Matter: de Broglie's Hypothesis

4 Moving Charges and Magnetism 6 classes

Magnetic Force and the Lorentz Force

Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor and Motion in a Magnetic Field

The Biot-Savart Law

Ampere's Circuital Law, the Solenoid and Force Between Parallel Currents

Torque on a Current Loop and the Magnetic Dipole

The Moving Coil Galvanometer

4 Atoms 5 classes

Alpha-Particle Scattering and the Geiger-Marsden Experiment

Rutherford's Nuclear Model: Trajectories and Electron Orbits

Atomic Spectra and the Need for Bohr's Model

Bohr's Postulates: Orbit Radii, Energy Levels and Line Spectra

De Broglie's Explanation of Bohr's Quantisation

5 Magnetism and Matter 6 classes

The Bar Magnet and Its Field Lines

The Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid and the Electrostatic Analogy

Magnetism and Gauss's Law

Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity

Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism

Ferromagnetism

5 Nuclei 5 classes

Atomic Masses and the Composition of the Nucleus

The Size of the Nucleus and Nuclear Binding Energy

The Nuclear Force and Radioactivity

Nuclear Energy: Fission and the Start of Fusion

Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion and Mass-Energy Interconversion

6 Electromagnetic Induction 6 classes

Faraday and Henry's Experiments, and Magnetic Flux

Faraday's Law of Induction

Lenz's Law and Conservation of Energy

Motional Electromotive Force

Inductance: Mutual and Self

The AC Generator

6 Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits 6 classes

Classification of Metals, Insulators and Semiconductors

Intrinsic Semiconductors

Extrinsic Semiconductors: Doping, n-type and p-type

p-n Junction Formation

Semiconductor Diode: Forward and Reverse Bias

Junction Diode as a Rectifier

7 Alternating Current 6 classes

AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor

Phasors and AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor

AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor

The Series LCR Circuit and Resonance

Power in AC Circuits and the Power Factor

Transformers

8 Electromagnetic Waves 4 classes

Displacement Current

Electromagnetic Waves: Sources and Nature

The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Radio Waves to Visible Light

The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Ultraviolet Rays, X-Rays and Gamma Rays

106

Accountancy

14 chapters • 100 marks

1 Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts 16 classes

1.1-1.2 Nature of Partnership and the Partnership Deed

1.2.1 Provisions of the Partnership Act Relevant for Accounting

1.3-1.4 Special Aspects and Capital Accounts of Partners

1.5-1.5.1 Distribution of Profit and the Profit and Loss Appropriation Account

1.5.1 Appropriation Account Illustrations: Profit, Loss and Partner's Loan

1.5.2 Interest on Capital

1.5.3 Interest on Drawings: Fixed Monthly and Quarterly Amounts

1.5.3 Interest on Drawings: Product Method and Practice

1.6 Guarantee of Profit to a Partner

1.7 Past Adjustments

Chapter Summary and Key Terms

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems I: Long Answers and Numericals 1-7

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems II: Numericals 8-14

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems III: Numericals 15-27

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems IV: Numericals 28-37

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems V: Numericals 38-43 and Answers

1 Accounting for Share Capital 25 classes

1.1-1.2 Features and Kinds of Companies

1.3 Share Capital of a Company

1.4 Nature and Classes of Shares

1.5-1.6 Issue of Shares: Application and Allotment

1.6 Calls on Shares

1.6.1-1.6.2 Calls in Arrears and Calls in Advance

1.6.2 Preference and Equity Shares Together, Arrears with Advance

1.6.3 Over Subscription: Three Ways to Allot

1.6.3-1.6.4 Over Subscription Illustration and Under Subscription

1.6.5 Issue of Shares at a Premium

1.6.6-1.6.7 Discount and Consideration other than Cash

Private Placement, ESOP and the Meaning of Forfeiture

1.7 Forfeiture of Shares at Par and at a Premium

1.7 Forfeiture after Pro-rata Allotment: Illustration 13

1.7 Forfeiture and Reissue Worked Together: Illustration 14

1.7.1 Illustration 15 and Reissue of Forfeited Shares

1.7.1 Reissue of Part of the Forfeited Shares: Illustrations 16 and 17

1.7.1 Pro-rata Allotment, Advance and Reissue: Illustration 18

1.7.1 Forfeiture and Reissue: Illustration 19

1.7.1 Forfeiture and Reissue: Illustration 20

1.7.1 Forfeiture and Reissue: Illustration 21

Chapter Summary and Key Terms

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems I: Issue of Shares

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems II: Forfeiture and Reissue

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems III

1 OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERISED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM 6 classes

Understanding the Computerised Accounting System

Salient Features of a Computerised Accounting System

Grouping and Coding of Accounts

Using CAS Software: Security Features, Advantages and Limitations

Accounting Information System: Meaning and Core Sub-systems

Accounting Information System: Remaining Sub-systems and MIS

2 Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner 26 classes

2.1-2.2 Modes of Reconstitution and Admission of a New Partner

2.3 New Profit Sharing Ratio

2.4 Sacrificing Ratio

2.5.1-2.5.3 Meaning, Factors and Need for Valuation of Goodwill

2.5.4.1 Average Profits Method

2.5.4.1-2.5.4.2 Adjusted Profits and the Super Profits Method

2.5.4.2-2.5.4.3 Super Profits Worked Examples and Capitalisation of Average Profits

2.5.4.3 Capitalisation of Super Profits and Mixed Practice

2.5.5.1 Premium for Goodwill Brought in Cash

2.5.5.1 Goodwill in Cash: Withdrawal and Existing Goodwill

2.5.5.1 New Partner Does Not Bring Goodwill in Cash

2.5.5.1 Goodwill Already in the Books and Accounting Standard 26

2.5.5.2 Hidden Goodwill

2.6 Adjustment for Accumulated Profits and Losses

2.7 Revaluation of Assets and Reassessment of Liabilities

2.7 Revaluation: Capital Accounts and Balance Sheet of the New Firm

2.8 Adjustment of Capitals

2.8 Adjustment of Capitals: Fixed Total Capital and Current Accounts

2.8 Comprehensive Problem: Capital Adjustment through Current Accounts

2.8 Comprehensive Problem: Goodwill, Revaluation and Half Withdrawn

2.9 Change in Profit Sharing Ratio among the Existing Partners

Chapter Summary and Key Terms

Questions for Practice: Long Answers and New Profit Sharing Ratios

Questions for Practice: Sacrificing Ratio and Goodwill Numericals

Questions for Practice: Goodwill Entries and Admission Problems

Questions for Practice: Capital Adjustment and Comprehensive Problems

2 Issue and Redemption of Debentures 18 classes

2.1-2.2 Meaning of Debentures and Distinction between Shares and Debentures

2.3-2.4 Types of Debentures

2.4.1 Issue of Debentures at Par

2.4.2-2.4.3 Issue of Debentures at a Discount and at a Premium

2.4.3-2.5 Premium Collected in Three Instalments and Over Subscription

2.6 Debentures Issued to Vendors for Assets Purchased

2.6 Debentures Issued for the Purchase of a Business

2.7 Issue of Debentures as a Collateral Security

2.8 Terms of Issue of Debentures: Issue and Redemption Terms

2.8 Terms of Issue of Debentures: A Mixed Illustration and Practice

2.9-2.10 Interest on Debentures and the Rule for Writing Off Discount or Loss on Issue

2.10 Writing off Discount or Loss on Issue: Worked Illustrations

2.11 Meaning of Redemption of Debentures

Test your Understanding II and III

Chapter Summary and Key Terms

Questions for Practice: Short and Long Answer Questions

Questions for Practice: Numerical Problems on the Issue of Debentures

Questions for Practice: Interest, Write-off and Mixed Problems

2 SPREADSHEET 7 classes

2.1 Basic Concepts of Spreadsheet — Workbook, Cells, Labels and Formulas

2.1.3-2.1.4.2 Spreadsheet Functions I — SUM/IF, Date and Time, Mathematical Functions

2.1.4.3-2.1.4.6 Spreadsheet Functions II — Text, Logical, Lookup/Reference and Financial Functions

2.2 Data Entry, Text Management, Cell Formatting and Data Validation

2.3 Data Formatting

2.4-2.5 Output Reports and Pivot Table

2.6 Common Errors (Messages) in Spreadsheet

3 Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Retirement/Death of a Partner 19 classes

3.1 Ascertaining the Amount Due to a Retiring or Deceased Partner

3.2-3.3 New Profit Sharing Ratio and Gaining Ratio

3.2-3.3 Illustrations on New and Gaining Ratio

3.4 Treatment of Goodwill When It Is Not in the Books

3.4 Goodwill Already in the Books and Hidden Goodwill

3.5-3.6 Revaluation and Accumulated Profits and Losses

3.6-3.7 Profit up to the Date of Retirement and Modes of Payment

3.7 Retiring Partner's Loan Account and Instalments

3.7 Complete Retirement Illustration: Suresh Retires

3.7 Complete Retirement Illustration: Gagan Retires

3.8 Adjustment of Partners' Capitals

3.8 Capital Adjustment: Neeraj Retires and Practice

3.9 Death of a Partner and Share of Profit up to Death

3.9 Death of a Partner: Executor's Account

3.9 Death of a Partner: Sohan's Legal Representatives

Chapter Summary and Key Terms

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems (1)

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems (2)

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems (3)

3 Financial Statements of a Company 11 classes

3.1 Meaning of Financial Statements

3.2 Nature of Financial Statements

3.3 Objectives of Financial Statements

3.4 Balance Sheet Format under Schedule III

3.4 Shareholders' Funds: Share Capital and Reserves and Surplus

3.4 Current and Non-current Liabilities: Borrowings, Payables and Provisions

3.4 Assets in the Balance Sheet: Fixed Assets, Investments and Current Assets

3.4 Preparing a Company Balance Sheet (Comprehensive Illustration)

3.4.2 Statement of Profit and Loss under Schedule III

3.5 Uses and Importance of Financial Statements

3.6 Limitations of Financial Statements

3 USE OF SPREADSHEET IN BUSINESS APPLICATIONS 5 classes

3.1.1-3.1.2 Payroll Accounting: Components and Salary Formulae

3.1.2.1 Designing the Payroll Spreadsheet Template

3.2-3.2.2.1 Asset Accounting and the Straight Line Method

3.2.2.2-3.2.2.3 Written Down Value Method and the Fixed Asset Schedule

3.3 Loan Repayment Schedule Using the PMT Function

4 Dissolution of Partnership Firm 18 classes

4.1-4.2 Dissolution of Partnership and Dissolution of a Firm

4.2 Dissolution by Court and Partnership versus Firm

4.3 Settlement of Accounts

4.4 Accounting Treatment and the Realisation Account

4.4.1 Journal Entries: Transfer, Sale and Payment (Illustration 1)

4.4.1 Journal Entries: Creditors, Expenses and Remuneration

4.4.1 Journal Entries: Unrecorded Items, Profit or Loss and Final Settlement

Illustrations 2 and 3: Realisation Expenses and Unrecorded Assets

Illustration 4: Current Accounts and Reserves on Dissolution

Illustration 5: Partner's Wife's Loan, Goodwill and Reserves

Illustration 6: Loss on Realisation and Fixed Remuneration

Illustrations 7 and 8: Unrecorded Investment, Loan Interest and Loan to a Partner

Illustration 9: Partner Bringing in Cash for a Debit Balance

Illustrations 10 and 11: Creditors Settled by Assets

Chapter Summary and Key Terms

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems: Theory and Journal Entries

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems: Problems 11 to 15

Questions for Practice and Numerical Problems: Problems 16 to 20

4 Analysis of Financial Statements 11 classes

4.1 Meaning of Analysis of Financial Statements

4.2-4.3 Significance and Objectives of Financial Analysis

4.4 Tools of Financial Analysis

4.5 Comparative Statement of Profit and Loss

4.5 Comparative Balance Sheet

4.6 Common Size Statement of Profit and Loss

4.6 Common Size Balance Sheet

4.7 Limitations of Financial Analysis

Chapter Summary and Key Terms

Questions for Practice: Long Answers and Comparative Balance Sheet Problems

Questions for Practice: Profit and Loss and Common Size Problems

4 GRAPHS AND CHARTS FOR BUSINESS DATA 4 classes

Need and Meaning of Graphs and Charts for Business Data

Preparing a Chart in Excel: Basic Steps and Elements of a Chart

Formatting a Chart and Changing the Chart Type

2D/3D Charts, Resizing and the Advantages of Graphs and Charts

5 Accounting Ratios 17 classes

5.1-5.2 Meaning and Objectives of Ratio Analysis

5.3-5.4 Advantages and Limitations of Ratio Analysis

5.5 Types of Ratios

5.6 Liquidity Ratios: Current Ratio and Quick Ratio

5.6 Liquidity Ratios: Working Backwards and the Effect of Transactions

5.7.1-5.7.2 Debt-Equity Ratio and Debt to Capital Employed Ratio

5.7.3-5.7.4 Proprietary Ratio and Total Assets to Debt Ratio

5.7.5 Interest Coverage Ratio

5.8.1 Inventory Turnover Ratio

5.8.2-5.8.3 Trade Receivables and Trade Payables Turnover Ratios

5.8.4 Net Assets, Fixed Assets and Working Capital Turnover Ratios

5.9.1-5.9.3 Gross Profit, Operating and Operating Profit Ratios

5.9.4-5.9.5 Net Profit Ratio and Return on Investment

Illustrations 22-25: Return on Investment and Mixed Ratio Problems

Chapter Summary and Key Terms

Questions for Practice: Numerical Problems 1 to 15

Questions for Practice: Numerical Problems 16 to 22

6 Cash Flow Statement 19 classes

6.1-6.2 Objectives and Benefits of the Cash Flow Statement

6.3-6.5 Cash and Cash Equivalents, Cash Flows and Operating Activities

6.5.2-6.5.3 Investing and Financing Activities

6.5.4 Interest, Dividend, Tax and the Format of the Statement

6.6 Indirect Method: Starting Point, Proposed Dividend and First Adjustments

6.6.1 Working Capital Changes and the Proforma of Operating Activities

6.6.1 Illustrations 3 and 4: Operating Cash Flow with Tax and Goodwill

6.6.1 Working Capital Practice and Profit from Balance Sheets

6.7 Cash Flow from Investing and Financing Activities

6.8 Illustration 7: Preparing the Cash Flow Statement of Pioneer Ltd.

6.8 Illustration 8: Cash Flow Statement of Xerox Ltd.

6.8 Illustration 9: Cash Flow Statement of Oswal Mills Ltd.

6.8 Illustration 10: Cash Flow Statement of Banjara Ltd.

Chapter Summary and Key Terms

Questions for Practice: Short and Long Answers, Numericals 1 to 3

Questions for Practice: Numericals 4 to 6

Questions for Practice: Numericals 7 and 8

Questions for Practice: Numericals 9 and 10

Questions for Practice: Numericals 11 and 12, Answers to Test Your Understanding

108

Business Studies

11 chapters • 100 marks

1 Nature and Significance of Management 6 classes

Introduction, Concept and Characteristics of Management

Objectives and Importance of Management

Management as an Art, Science and Profession

Levels and Functions of Management

Coordination — The Essence of Management

Management in the Twenty-first Century and Chapter Review

9 Financial Management 7 classes

Meaning of Business Finance and Financial Management

Objectives of Financial Management and the Three Financial Decisions

Factors Affecting Financing and Dividend Decisions

Financial Planning: Meaning, Objectives and Importance

Capital Structure and EBIT-EPS Analysis

Factors Affecting the Choice of Capital Structure

Fixed Capital and Working Capital: Meaning and Determining Factors

2 Principles of Management 5 classes

Concept, Nature and Significance of Principles of Management

Taylor's Scientific Management and its Principles

Techniques of Scientific Management

Fayol's Principles of Management

Fayol versus Taylor — A Comparison, and Chapter Review

10 Marketing 9 classes

Concept of Marketing, Market and Marketing Management

Marketing Management Philosophies

Functions of Marketing

Marketing Mix, Products and Classification of Goods

Packaging and Labelling

Pricing and Factors Affecting Price Determination

Physical Distribution

Promotion: Advertising and Personal Selling

Sales Promotion and Public Relations

3 Business Environment 4 classes

Meaning and Features of Business Environment

Importance and Dimensions of Business Environment

Economic Reforms and the Economic Environment in India

Impact of Government Policy Changes on Business and Industry, and Chapter Review

11 Consumer Protection 3 classes

Importance and Need for Consumer Protection

The Consumer Protection Act 2019: Who is a Consumer, Rights and Responsibilities

Ways and Means of Consumer Protection, Redressal Agencies and the Role of NGOs

4 Planning 4 classes

Meaning, Features, Importance and Limitations of Planning

The Planning Process

Types of Plans: Objectives, Strategy and Policy

Types of Plans: Procedure, Method, Rule, Programme and Budget, and Chapter Review

5 Organising 5 classes

Meaning, Steps and Importance of Organising

Organisation Structure: Functional and Divisional

Formal and Informal Organisation

Delegation of Authority

Decentralisation, and Chapter Review

6 Staffing 6 classes

Meaning, Importance and Evolution of Staffing

The Staffing Process

Recruitment: Meaning and Sources

Selection Process

Training and Development: Meaning and Importance

Methods of Training: On-the-Job and Off-the-Job, and Chapter Review

7 Directing 6 classes

Meaning, Importance and Principles of Directing

Elements of Direction: Supervision

Motivation: Concept, Importance and Theories

Leadership

Communication: Meaning, Importance and Process

Formal and Informal Communication, Barriers, and Chapter Review

8 Controlling 2 classes

Meaning, Importance, and Relationship with Planning; the Controlling Process

Techniques of Controlling, and Chapter Review

112

Economics

19 chapters • 100 marks

1 INTRODUCTION 8 classes

1.1 A SIMPLE ECONOMY

1.2 CENTRAL PROBLEMS OF AN ECONOMY

1.3 ORGANISATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

1.3.1 The Centrally Planned Economy

1.3.2 The Market Economy

1.4 POSITIVE AND NORMATIVE ECONOMICS

1.5 MICROECONOMICS AND MACROECONOMICS

1.6 PLAN OF THE BOOK

1 INTRODUCTION 2 classes

Introduction to Macroeconomics

Emergence of Macroeconomics and the Scope of this Book

1 Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence 8 classes

1.1-1.2 Introduction and the Economy before British Rule

1.2-1.3 Colonial Policy, Income Estimates and the Agricultural Sector

1.3-1.4 Zamindari, Cash Crops and De-industrialisation

1.4-1.5 Modern Industry, Capital Goods and Foreign Trade

1.5-1.6 Export Surplus, the Drain of Wealth and the Census

1.6-1.7 Demographic Condition and Occupational Structure

1.7-1.8 Regional Occupational Shifts, Roads and Railways

1.8-1.9 Waterways, Telegraph, Post and the Inherited Challenges

2 THEORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR 17 classes

2.1 UTILITY

2.1.1 Cardinal Utility Analysis

2.1.2 Ordinal Utility Analysis

2.2 THE CONSUMER’S BUDGET

2.2.1 Budget Set and Budget Line

2.2.2 Changes in the Budget Set

2.3 OPTIMAL CHOICE OF THE CONSUMER

2.4 DEMAND

2.4.2 Deriving a Demand Curve from Indifference Curves and Budget

2.4.3 Normal and Inferior Goods

2.4.4 Substitutes and Complements

2.4.5 Shifts in the Demand Curve

2.5 MARKET DEMAND

2.6 ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

2.6.1 Elasticity along a Linear Demand Curve

2.6.2 Factors Determining Price Elasticity of Demand for a Good

2.6.3 Elasticity and Expenditure

2 NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING 9 classes

2.1 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF MACROECONOMICS

2.2 CIRCULAR FLOW OF INCOME AND METHODS

2.2.1 The Product or Value Added Method

2.2.2 Expenditure Method

2.2.3 Income Method

2.2.4 Factor Cost, Basic Prices and Market Prices

2.3 SOME MACROECONOMIC IDENTITIES

2.4 NOMINAL AND REAL GDP

2.5 GDP AND WELFARE

2 Indian Economy 1950-1990 10 classes

2.1 Introduction: Choosing a Mixed Economy

2.1-2.2 Planning, the Planning Commission and the Goals of the Five Year Plans

2.2 Growth, Modernisation, Self-Reliance and Equity

2.3 Land Reforms: Abolishing Intermediaries and Fixing Land Ceilings

2.3 The Green Revolution, Marketed Surplus and Its Risks

2.3 Managing the Risks, the Subsidies Debate and Agriculture's Unfinished Task

2.4 Industry: Public and Private Sectors, IPR 1956, Licensing and Small-Scale Industry

2.5 Trade Policy: Import Substitution and Its Effect on Industry

2.5-2.6 Evaluating the Public Sector, Licensing and Protection

2.6 Conclusion: The Balance Sheet of 1950-1990 and the Road to 1991

3 PRODUCTION AND COSTS 11 classes

3.1 PRODUCTION FUNCTION

3.2 THE SHORT RUN AND THE LONG RUN

3.3 TOTAL PRODUCT, AVERAGE PRODUCT AND MARGINAL PRODUCT

3.3.1 Total Product

3.3.3 Marginal Product

3.4 THE LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL PRODUCT AND

3.5 SHAPES OF TOTAL PRODUCT, MARGINAL PRODUCT

3.6 RETURNS TO SCALE

3.7.1 Short Run Costs

3.7 COSTS

3.7.2 Long Run Costs

3 MONEY AND BANKING 8 classes

3.1 FUNCTIONS OF MONEY

3.2 DEMAND FOR MONEY AND SUPPLY OF MONEY

3.2.1. Demand for Money

3.2.2. Supply of Money

3.3 MONEY CREATION BY BANKING SYSTEM

3.3.1 Balance Sheet of a Fictional Bank

3.3.2 Limits to Credit Creation and Money Multiplier

3.4 POLICY TOOLS TO CONTROL MONEY SUPPLY

3 Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation: An Appraisal 7 classes

3.1-3.2 Introduction and the Background to the 1991 Crisis

3.2-3.3 The New Economic Policy and Liberalisation: Industry, Finance, Tax and Foreign Exchange

3.3-3.4 Trade Policy Reforms, Privatisation, Disinvestment and the Navratnas

3.4-3.5 Globalisation, Outsourcing and the World Trade Organisation

3.5-3.6 The WTO Debate and the Growth Record of the Reform Decades

3.6 Reforms and Agriculture, Industry, Disinvestment and Fiscal Policy

3.7 Conclusion: Globalisation as Opportunity or Threat

4 THE THEORY OF THE FIRM UNDER PERFECT COMPETITION 18 classes

4.1 PERFECT COMPETITION: DEFINING FEATURES

4.2 REVENUE

4.3 PROFIT MAXIMISATION

4.3.1 Condition 1

4.3.2 Condition 2

4.3.1 immediately implies that

4.3.3 Condition 3

4.3.4 The Profit Maximisation

4.4 SUPPLY CURVE OF A FIRM

4.4.1 Short Run Supply Curve of a Firm

4.4.2 Long Run Supply Curve of a Firm

4.4.3 The Shut Down Point

4.4.4 The Normal Profit and Break-even Point

4.5 DETERMINANTS OF A FIRM’S SUPPLY CURVE

4.5.1 Technological Progress

4.5.2 Input Prices

4.6 MARKET SUPPLY CURVE

4.7 PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY

4 DETERMINATION OF INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT 10 classes

4.1 AGGREGATE DEMAND AND ITS COMPONENTS

4.1.1. Consumption

4.1.2. Investment

4.2 DETERMINATION OF INCOME IN TWO-SECTOR MODEL

4.3 D

4.3 DETERMINATION

4.3.1 Macroeconomic Equilibrium with Price Level Fixed

4.3.2 Effect of an Autonomous Change in Aggregate Demand on Income

4.3.3 The Multiplier Mechanism

4.4 SOME MORE CONCEPTS

4 Human Capital Formation in India 6 classes

4.1-4.3 Human Capital and Its Sources: Education, Health, Training, Migration and Information

4.3 Physical Capital and Human Capital: Similarities, Differences and the First Link with Growth

4.3 Human Capital and Economic Growth: Evidence, Causality and the Knowledge Economy

4.4-4.5 Human Capital and Human Development; Why the Government Must Step In

4.5-4.6 The Education Sector in India: Government Expenditure and Its Gaps

4.6-4.8 Educational Attainment, Future Prospects and Conclusion

5 MARKET EQUILIBRIUM 7 classes

5.1 EQUILIBRIUM, EXCESS DEMAND, EXCESS SUPPLY

5.1.1 Market Equilibrium: Fixed Number of Firms

5.4 and leave the rest as exercises for the readers.

5.1.2 Market Equilibrium: Free Entry and Exit

5.2 APPLICATIONS

5.2.1 Price Ceiling

5.2.2 Price Floor

5 GOVERNMENT BUDGET AND THE ECONOMY 6 classes

5.1 GOVERNMENT BUDGET — MEANING AND ITS COMPONENTS

5.1.1 Objectives of Government Budget

5.1.2 Classification of Receipts

5.1.3. Classification of Expenditure

5.2 BALANCED, SURPLUS AND DEFICIT BUDGET

5.2.1 Measures of Government Deficit

5 Rural Development 7 classes

5.1-5.3 Rural Development: Meaning, Scope and the Case for Rural Credit

5.3 Institutions of Rural Credit, Self-Help Groups and Micro-credit

5.3-5.4 Jan-Dhan and the Agricultural Market System: Problems and Government Measures

5.4-5.5 Contract Farming, the Need for Diversification and Non-farm Livelihoods

5.5 Animal Husbandry, Operation Flood, Fisheries and Horticulture

5.5-5.6 Sustaining the Diversified Sectors, IT in Rural Areas and Organic Farming

5.6-5.7 Limitations of Organic Farming, Conclusion and the NCERT Exercises

6 OPEN ECONOMY MACROECONOMICS 9 classes

6.1 THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

6.1.1 Current Account

6.1.2 Capital Account

6.1.3 Balance of Payments Surplus and Deficit

6.2 THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET

6.2.1 Foreign Exchange Rate

6.2.2 Determination of the Exchange Rate

6.2.3 Merits and Demerits of Flexible and Fixed Exchange Rate Systems

6.2.4 Managed Floating

6 Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues 8 classes

6.1-6.2 Introduction: Work, Workers and Employment

6.3 Participation of People in Employment: The Worker-Population Ratio

6.4 Self-Employed, Regular Salaried and Casual Wage Workers

6.5 Employment by Industry: Primary, Secondary and Service Sectors

6.6 Growth and Changing Structure of Employment: Jobless Growth and Casualisation

6.7 Informalisation of the Indian Workforce: Formal and Informal Sectors

6.8 Unemployment: Open, Disguised and Seasonal

6.9-6.10 Government and Employment Generation; Conclusion and Recap

7 Environment and Sustainable Development 10 classes

7.1-7.2 What the Environment Is and What It Does for the Economy

7.2 The Price of Degraded Environment: Resource Costs, Health Costs and Global Warming

7.2 Is the Crisis New? Ozone Depletion and the Reversal of Supply and Demand

7.3 State of India's Environment: Rich Resources, Twin Threats and the Appiko Movement

7.3 Land Degradation and Soil Erosion in India

7.3 Air Pollution, Industry and the Pollution Control Boards

7.3-7.4 Why Sustainable Development: Definitions from UNCED, Brundtland and Barbier

7.4 Intergenerational Equity, Daly's Conditions and the Sustainable Development Goals

7.5 Strategies for Sustainable Development: Cleaner Energy and Traditional Knowledge

7.5-7.6 Biocomposting, Biopest Control, Conclusion and the NCERT Exercises

8 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours 7 classes

8.1-8.2 Why Compare Neighbours: A Common Starting Line, and China Before the Reforms

8.2-8.3 China's Later Reforms, Pakistan's Path and Demographic Indicators

8.4 Gross Domestic Product: Growth Rates, Land and Agriculture

8.4-8.5 Industry and Services, Structural Change and the Human Development Table

8.5-8.6 Reading Human Development, Liberty Indicators and Why Reforms Worked in China but Failed in Pakistan

8.6-8.7 India's Trade with Neighbours, Pakistan's Recovery and the Conclusion

Recap and the NCERT Exercises: Three Economies Side by Side

105

History

12 chapters • 100 marks

NCERT textbooks as listed on https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?lehs1=0-4

1 Bricks, Beads and Bones 12 classes

The Harappan Civilisation: Names, Time and Places

Food and Farming: How the Harappans Lived off the Land

Mohenjodaro (I): A Planned City of Citadel and Lower Town

Mohenjodaro (II): Houses, Wells and the Great Bath

Tracking Social Differences: Burials and Luxuries

Craft Production: Beads, Shell and Stone

Getting the Raw Materials: Local Sources and Distant Lands

Seals, Script and Weights

Who Ruled? Palaces, Kings and Ancient Authority

The End of the Civilisation: Why the Cities Faded

How the Harappan Civilisation Was Discovered

Piecing Together the Past: Problems of Interpretation

1 Through the Eyes of Travellers 8 classes

Al-Biruni and the Kitab-ul-Hind

Ibn Battuta's Rihla: An Early Globe-Trotter

Francois Bernier: A Doctor with a Difference

Al-Biruni and the Sanskritic Tradition

Ibn Battuta and the Excitement of the Unfamiliar

Bernier and the 'Degenerate' East: The Question of Landownership

Bernier: A More Complex Social Reality

Women in Travellers' Accounts: Slaves, Sati and Labourers

1 Colonialism and the Countryside 9 classes

The Permanent Settlement and the Bengal Auctions

Zamindars in Crisis: Default and the Rise of the Jotedars

How Zamindars Survived: Fictitious Sales and the Fifth Report

The Hoe and the Plough: The Paharias of the Rajmahal Hills

The Santhals: Pioneer Settlers and the 1855-56 Rebellion

Reading a Colonial Source, and a New Revolt Begins

The Ryotwari Settlement and the Burden of Debt

The Cotton Boom and Its Bust

Deeds, Debts and the Deccan Riots Commission

2 Kings, Farmers and Towns 6 classes

Reading the Past: Inscriptions and the Earliest States

The Mauryan Empire: Sources, Asoka and Administration

New Notions of Kingship: Chiefdoms of the South and Divine Kings

A Changing Countryside: Agrarian Relations and Land Grants

Towns and Trade: Urban Life, Commerce and Coinage

Studying Inscriptions: Deciphering Scripts and the Limits of Epigraphy

2 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions 10 classes

Religious Beliefs on the Eve of Bhakti and Sufi Traditions

The Alvars and Nayanars: Early Bhakti in Tamil Nadu

The Virashaivas of Karnataka and Religious Ferment in the North

Islam in the Subcontinent: Rulers, Subjects and Everyday Practice

The Rise of Sufism: Khanqahs, Silsilas and the Coming of the Chishtis

Life in the Chishti Khanqah: Ziyarat and Qawwali

Sufi Poetry in Local Languages and the Sufis' Ties to the State

Kabir and the Weaving of a Divine Fabric

Baba Guru Nanak and Mirabai: Nirguna Bhakti and Devotional Defiance

How Historians Reconstruct Religious Traditions

2 Rebels and the Raj 13 classes

The Outbreak of the Revolt: Meerut, Delhi and the Pattern of Mutiny

Coordination and Communication Among the Rebels

Leaders and Followers of the Revolt

Rumours, Prophecies and the Fears Behind Them

Awadh in Revolt: Annexation and Its Emotional Toll

Taluqdars, Peasants and the Unravelling of Awadh's Social Order

From Sepoy Grievance to Rebel Vision: What the Rebels Wanted

The Azamgarh Proclamation and a Sepoy's Own Words

Alternative Power and the Beginning of British Repression

Reconquering North India, and How We Know About the Revolt

Picturing Heroes and Victims: British Images of the Revolt

Terror, Clemency Denied, and Nationalist Memory

Timeline, Sources and the Legacy of 1857

3 Kinship, Caste and Class 11 classes

The Mahabharata as a Historical Source

Family, Kinship and the Rule of Patriliny

Marriage Rules: Exogamy and the Eight Forms of Marriage

Gotra, the Satavahanas and the Place of Mothers

Varna, Divine Order and the Story of Ekalavya

Kings Without Kshatriya Birth and the Rise of Jatis

Beyond Varna: Outsiders, Chandalas and Untouchability

Gender, Property and the Sharing of Wealth

A Social Contract and the Historian's Method

Archaeology and the Puzzle of Draupadi's Marriage

The Mahabharata's Many Afterlives

3 An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara 11 classes

The Discovery of Hampi and the Founding of Vijayanagara

Kings, Traders and the Reign of Krishnadeva Raya

The Decline of the Empire and the Nayaka System

Sources for the City and Its Water Systems

Fortifications, Roads and the Urban Core

The Royal Centre and the Mahanavami Dibba

The Lotus Mahal and the Hazara Rama Temple

The Sacred Centre: Myth, Memory and Temple Patronage

The Virupaksha and Vitthala Temples

Mapping Vijayanagara: Method and the Bazaar

History Beyond Buildings: Open Questions and the Timeline

3 Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement 13 classes

A Leader Announces Himself

Champaran, Kheda, Ahmedabad and the Rowlatt Satyagraha

Non-Cooperation: From Mass Upsurge to Chauri Chaura

Gandhi the People's Leader: Symbols, Rumours and Organisation

Towards the Salt Satyagraha: From Simon Commission to Dandi

The Dandi March and the Salt Satyagraha in Action

Dialogues: Round Table Conferences to the Cripps Mission

Quit India and the Road to Partition

The Last Heroic Days and Gandhi's Assassination

Knowing Gandhi: Public Voice and Private Letters

Autobiographies and Police Records as Historical Sources

Reading Police Reports and Newspapers Critically

Timeline and Review: Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement

4 Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings 12 classes

A Glimpse of Sanchi: How Historians Study Beliefs and Buildings

The Background: Sacrifice, New Questions and the Age of Debate

Beyond Worldly Pleasures: Mahavira and the Jaina Tradition

The Buddha and the Quest for Enlightenment

The Teachings of the Buddha: Dhamma and the Ethics of Everyday Life

Followers of the Buddha: The Sangha, Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis

Stupas: Sacred Mounds and Their Architecture

'Discovering' Stupas: The Fate of Amaravati and Sanchi

Sculpture at Sanchi: Stories, Symbols and Popular Traditions

New Religious Traditions: Mahayana Buddhism and Puranic Hinduism

Building Temples: From the Garbhagriha to Rock-Cut Shrines

Can We "See" Everything? Reading Sculpture, Texts and Silence

4 Peasants, Zamindars and the State 9 classes

Peasants and the Sources of Agrarian History

Irrigation, Technology and the Range of Crops

The Village Community: Caste, Panchayats and Headmen

Village Artisans and the Village as a "Little Republic"

Women in Agrarian Society

Forests and Tribes

The Zamindars

The Land Revenue System and the Flow of Silver

The Ain-i Akbari: A Source and Its Limits

4 Framing the Constitution 6 classes

A Tumultuous Time: The Making of the Constituent Assembly

The Vision of the Constitution: Nehru's Objectives Resolution

Defining Rights I: The Debate over Separate Electorates

Defining Rights II: Minorities, Tribals and the Depressed Castes

The Powers of the State: Centre versus the Provinces

The Language of the Nation: Hindi, Hindustani and the Idea of India